Perturbative complexity of an interacting theory
Wung-Hong Huang · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · 2021
We present a systematic method to expand the quantum complexity of interacting theory in a series of coupling constants. The complexity is evaluated by the operator approach in which the transformation matrix between the second quantization operators of the reference state and the target state defines the quantum gate. We start with two coupled oscillators and perturbatively evaluate the geodesic length of the associated group manifold of the gate matrix. Next, we generalize the analysis to $N$ coupled oscillators, which describes the lattice $\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\phi}}^{4}$ theory. Especially, we introduce simple diagrams to represent the perturbative series and construct simple rules to efficiently calculate the complexity. General formulas are obtained for the higher-order complexity of excited states. We present several diagrams to illuminate the properties of complexity and show that the interaction correction to complexity may be positive or negative depending on the magnitude of the reference-state frequency.