Combining GHOST and Casper
Vitalik Buterin, Diego Ortega Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiang Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang, Yan X Zhang · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2020
We present "Gasper," a proof-of-stake-based consensus protocol, which is an idealized version of the proposed Ethereum 2.0 beacon chain. The protocol combines Casper FFG, a finality tool, with LMD GHOST, a fork-choice rule. We prove safety, plausible liveness, and probabilistic liveness under different sets of assumptions.