Gray Box Modeling Methodology for Runtime Prediction of Apache Spark Jobs
Hani Al-Sayeh, Kai-Uwe Sattler · 2019
Nowadays, many data centers facilitate data processing and acquisition by developing multiple Apache Spark jobs which can be executed in private clouds with various parameters. Each job might take various application parameters which influence its execution time. Some examples of application parameters can be a selected area of interest in spatiotemporal data processing application or a time range of events in a complex event stream processing application. To predict its runtime accurately, these application parameters shall be considered during constructing its runtime model. Runtime prediction of Spark jobs allows us to schedule them efficiently in order to utilize cloud resources, increase system throughput, reduce job latency and meet customers requirements, e.g. deadlines and QoS. Also, the prediction is considered as important advantage when using a pay-as-you-go pricing model. In this paper, we present a gray box modeling methodology for runtime prediction of each individual Apache Spark job in two steps. The first one is building a white box model for predicting the input RDD size of each stage relying on prior knowledge about its behaviour and taking the application parameters into consideration. The second one is extracting a black box runtime model of each task by observing its runtime metrics according to various allocated resources and variant input RDD sizes. The modeling methodology is validated with experimental evaluation on a real-world application, and the results show a high matching accuracy which reached 83-94% of the actual runtime of the tested application.