Adapting Recording Studio Audio Technologies for Language Labs
Pham Luan, Duong Duc, Nguyen Triet · IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies · 2000
The traditional herbal formulation comprising Sigesbeckia orientalis L., Xanthium strumarium L., and Smilax glabra Roxb. (SXS) has long been used in the management of musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis. To evaluate its anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential, SXS was extracted using two methods in this study: Traditional water extraction and ethanol extraction. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts was compared to form the basis for further in vivo studies on their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in a mouse model. Additionally, the total polyphenol (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) content of the two extracts was investigated. Accordingly, the water extract of SXS contained TPC and TFC of 68.10 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g and 43.21 ± 0.03 mg RE/g, respectively. These values for the ethanol extract were significantly higher, at 205.10 ± 0.20 mg GAE/g and 178.17 ± 1.08 mg RE/g, respectively. In the in vitro anti-inflammatory effect test, the ethanol extract inhibited NO production (IC50 = 58.6 ± 3.88 μg/mL - R2 = 0.9567) in a mouse model. Subsequently, oral administration of the ethanol extract at a dose of 1.177 g/kg body weight in mice (bw) showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects equivalent to meloxicam at a dose of 8 mg/kg bw. In conclusion, the extraction method significantly affected the phytochemical characteristics and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of SXS through the inhibition of NO production in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. In mice, the ethanol extract exhibited anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects comparable to those of meloxicam at the tested dose.