On the use of Bayesian Networks for Resource-Efficient Self-Calibration of Analog/RF ICs
Martin Andraud, Laura Isabel Galindez Olascoaga, Yi-Chuan Lu, Yiorgos Makris, Marian Verhelst · 2018
Over the past few years, several self-calibration methodologies have proven their efficiency to calibrate analog and radio-frequency circuits against process variations. Specifically, statistical techniques based on machine-learning have been proposed to recover yield loss and even enhance circuit performances. In addition, these techniques enable to calibrate circuits after a single performance test, i.e. in one-shot. However, towards fully-integrated calibration techniques, the inference part of the machine learning algorithm needs to be performed as energy-efficiently as possible to reduce calibration cost to a minimum. Following the path of resource-efficient machine learning, this work explores an alternative to state-of-the-art Neural Network based statistical techniques. Specifically, we investigate the opportunities of using Bayesian Networks for resource-efficient on-chip statistical calibration of analog/RF circuits. Results will show that several improvements can be achieved using Bayesian Networks: (a) provide a comprehensive calibration framework with explicit relationships between parameters (b) demonstrate similar prediction accuracies that neural networks (c) optimize across several performance parameters with a single network and in a single query and (d) enable a more energy-efficient hardware implementation. The proposed self-calibration algorithm is applied to a low-noise amplifier fabricated with IBM's 130nm CMOS process, leading to a significant reduction in the number of operations required to obtain the best tuning knob setting.