An Energy-Efficient Location Prediction-Based Forwarding Scheme for Opportunistic Networks
Satya Jyoti Borah, Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher, Isaac Woungang, Nisha Kandhoul, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues · 2018
Opportunistic networks (OppNets) is a subclass of delay-tolerant networks characterized by unstable topology, intermittent connectivity, and no guarantee of the existence of an end-to-end path between the source and destination nodes. In such networks, data forwarding from a source node to a destination node is a challenge. In this paper, an energy-aware routing protocol for OppNets (so-called Energy-efficient Location Prediction-based Forwarding for Routing using Markov Chain (ELPFR-MC)) is proposed, in which the next best hop selection of a message relies on the use of the node's residual energy and its location based on delivery probability. Simulation results show that ELPFR-MC is superior to E-Prophet, E-PRoWait, E-EDR and the Distance and Encounter based Energy-efficient Protocol for Opportunistic Networks (DEEP), where E-Prophet, E-PRoWait, E-EDR are respectively the energy-aware implemented versions of the Prophet, PRoWait, and Encounter and Distance-based Routing (EDR) protocols. The proposed ELPFR-MC outperforms DEEP in terms of node's residual energy by 6.34%, number of dead nodes by 6.58%, message delivery probability by 16.83% and average latency by 8% respectively when number of nodes are varied.