Scalable diskless checkpointing for large parallel systems
Daniel A. Reed, Charng‐Da Lu · 2005
Parallel scientific applications deal with machine unreliability by periodic checkpointing, in which all processes coordinate to dump memory to stable storage simultaneously. However, in systems comprising tens of thousands of nodes, the total data volume can overwhelm the network and storage farm, creating an I/O bottleneck. Furthermore, a very large class of scientific applications can fail on these systems if one of the processes dies. Poor checkpointing performance limits checkpointing frequency and increases the time-to-solution of applications. Also, the application can spend more time in recovery and restart because large systems tend to fail often. Diskless checkpointing is a viable approach that provides high-performance and reliable storage for intermediate or temporary data, such as checkpoint files. First, the data is stored in memory instead of disk. Second, reliability and recoverability is guaranteed by use of redundancy codes (parity bits or Reed-Solomon codes), which are stored on spares. Third, I/O is made scalable by partitioning nodes and spares into small groups. Each group takes care of its own redundancy codes generation and node failure and recovery. We have implemented a diskless checkpointing and recovery system and assessed its performance with both I/O benchmarks and real scientific applications. The results show much greater I/O scalability and higher throughput than disk-based parallel file systems for a large number of clients. As a technology projection, we have also developed an analytical model to investigate the performability of diskless checkpointing. Our model evaluation shows that the overhead of checkpoint/recovery is small on systems with thousands of nodes, and with appropriate partitioning of nodes, the user application can survive several times longer.