Generating Intelligible Audio Speech From Visual Speech
Thomas Le Cornu, Ben P. Milner · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing · 2017
This paper is concerned with generating intelligible audio speech from a video of a person talking. Regression and classification methods are proposed first to estimate static spectral envelope features from active appearance model visual features. Two further methods are then developed to incorporate temporal information into the prediction: A feature-level method using multiple frames and a model-level method based on recurrent neural networks. Speech excitation information is not available from the visual signal, so methods to artificially generate aperiodicity and fundamental frequency are developed. These are combined within the STRAIGHT vocoder to produce a speech signal. The various systems are optimized through objective tests before applying subjective intelligibility tests that determine a word accuracy of 85% from a set of human listeners on the GRID audio-visual speech database. This compares favorably with a previous regression-based system that serves as a baseline, which achieved a word accuracy of 33%.