Situation model and listening instructions
誠一 中山 · Josai University Repository of Academia (Josai University) · 2012
This study tries to define listening comprehension and investigates effective EFL listening instructions form the point of cognitive science, based on previous studies. According to van Dijk & Kintsch(1983), the final goal of comprehension of text is to construct a coherent mental representation called situation model, in which learners complete integration of new information with their prior knowledge. To achieve this, there are two information processes involved. One is top-down information processing, in which learners try to comprehend by activating schema existing in prior knowledge. The other is called bottom-up processing, in which learners try to comprehend by starting decoding phonemes, then combining them into words, then combining words into chunks, not relying on schema. Previous studies suggest the following two things on information processing. One is that EFL learners tend to rely too mauch on top-down information processing, often resulting in communication breakdowns. The other is that new ways of effective listening instructions to facilitate date dreiven information processing are necessary to be developed. According to this claim, visual-auditory shadowing by Nakayama(2011) is determined for its prossibility.