DFT-Based Watermarking Method for Medical Images
Manuel Cedillo-Hernández, Francisco Javier Garcia-Ugalde, Mariko Nakano-Miyatake, Hector Manuel Perez-Meana · 2012
We present a robust DFT-based watermarking method applied to medical imaging stored in DICOM standard format. The watermark is a 1-D binary pseudo-random pattern generated by a secret key which is embedded into the magnitude of the DFT middle frequencies of the original image in order to preserve a high quality perception. To increase security of the watermark, data bits are scrambled using a secret key. During the extraction stage, watermark data bits are extracted, re-arranged with the same secret key used in the embedding process and detected using the bit error rate (BER) criteria. The watermarked image quality is measured using the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). The experimental results show the watermark robustness against Rotation, Scaling and Translation (RST) geometric distortions and some common signal processing operations, including DICOM compression schemes, additive Gaussian and impulsive noise, Gaussian and median filtering, sharpness, contrast and brightness changes.