Precision-energy-throughput scaling of generic matrix multiplication and discrete convolution kernels via linear projections
Mohammad Ashraful Anam, Paul N. Whatmough, Yiannis Andreopoulos · 2013
Generic matrix multiplication (GEMM) and one-dimensional discrete convolution/cross-correlation (CONV) kernels perform the bulk of the compute- and memory-intensive processing within image/audio recognition and matching systems. We propose a novel method to scale the energy and processing throughput of GEMM and CONV kernels for such error-tolerant multimedia applications by adjusting the precision of computation. Our technique employs linear projections to the input matrix or signal data during the top-level GEMM and CONV blocking and reordering. The GEMM and CONV kernel processing then uses the projected inputs and the results are accumulated to form the final outputs. Throughput and energy scaling takes place by decreasing the number of projections computed by each kernel, which in turn produces approximate results, i.e. lowers the precision of the performed computation. Existing realizations of error-tolerant multimedia applications can opt to utilize a small number of the input projections (typically just one) in order to save energy and processing cycles, while all error-intolerant systems can compute all input projections and obtain full-precision outputs. Results derived from a voltage- and frequency-scaled ARM Cortex A15 processor running face recognition demonstrate that the proposed approach allows for 5-fold to 10-fold increase of processing throughput and more than 80% decrease of energy consumption against optimized GEMM and CONV kernels without any impact in the expected recognition and matching precision.