Real-Time Environmental Monitoring: Sensors and Systems
Miguel F. Acevedo · 2015
Introduction FROM SENSORS TO SYSTEMS Sensors and Transducers: Basic Circuits Principles of Electrical Quantities Circuits: Nodes and Loops Measuring Voltages, Currents, and Resistances Sensors From Sensors to Transducers Sensor Specifications: Static Resistive Sensors Example: From a Light Sensor to a Light Transducer Example: From Thermistor to Temperature Transducer Example: A Temperature Transducer for Air, Soil, and Water Example: Thermocouples Sensors and Transducers: Bridge Circuits, Dynamic Specifications, More Sensors Introduction Balanced Source Voltage Divider One-Sensor Circuit: Quarter-Bridge Two-Sensor Circuit: Half-Bridge Two-Sensor Having Opposite Effect: Half-Bridge Four Sensor Circuit: Full Bridge Zero Adjust and Range Adjust Sensor Specifications Electrochemical Sensors Example: Dynamic Specifications and a Potentiometer-Based Wind Direction Dielectric Properties Example: Piezoelectric Sensors Example: Soil Tensiometer Exercises Signal Conditioning and Analog-to-Digital Converters Introduction Operational Amplifiers Linearization of the Bridge Circuit Output Common-Mode Rejection Instrumentation Amplifier Spectrum Noise Electric Field and Electrostatic Shielding Isolation Cold-Junction Compensation Analog-to-Digital Converter Current Loop: 4-20 mA Pulse Sensors Exercises Data Acquisition Systems Introduction Dataloggers Applications in Environmental Monitoring Analog Channels Real-Time Clock Communications with a Datalogger RS-232 Standard SDI-12 Conditions and Enclosures Datalogger Example: CR1000 VoltSE VoltDiff BrHalf BrFull PulseCount Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Exercises Single-Board Computers and Microcontrollers Introduction Computer Organization and Architecture Single-Board Computers ARM Architectures SBC Based on ARM Processor: Example System on a Chip SBC Example: Raspberry Pi Microcontrollers MCU Example In-Circuit Serial Programming MCU-Based SBC Example: Arduino Comparing SBCs: TS-7400, Raspberry Pi, Arduino Uno MCUs as DAS Example: Arduino Programming Example: Using Flash Memory for Datalogging with Arduino Example: Using a Datalogger Shield for Arduino Example MCU-Based SBC Exercises Wireless Technologies and Telemetry Introduction Wave Concepts Radio Wave Spectrum Radio Wave Propagation Propagation Models Phase Shift Fresnel Zones Absorption Radio Frequency Cables Power in dBm Antennas Fade Margin Polarization Modulation: Digital Signals Multiplexing Spread Spectrum Wi-Fi Example: A Low-Cost Wi-Fi Radio Example: Establishing a Wi-Fi Link to Connect a Weather Station to the Internet Cellular Phone Network Argos Exercises Wireless Sensor Networks Introduction WSN Nodes Networks: OSI Model Media Access Control Multihop Wireless Communication Network Protocol for Environmental Monitoring Radio Propagation and WSN Example of Radio Propagation Experiments Example: WSN for Soil Moisture in a Hardwood Bottomland Forest WSN: Energy Scavenging Exercises Power Introduction Photovoltaic Solar Radiation and Efficiency Solar Cell Model From Cell to Module Shading and Bypass Diode Load and Power Maximum Power Point Tracking Efficiency and Performance Tilting the Panel Atmospheric Effects Sun Path Impact of Temperature on Solar Panel Example: Powering a Remote Monitoring Station Exercises Databases and Web Access Introduction Examples of Raw Data Format Relational DBs Structural Query Language Extensible Markup Language Backup Web Services Metadata, Standards, Interoperability, and Preservation Example: Data Collected from Distributed Sensor Systems Exercises APPLICATIONS TO ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES, WATER RESOURCES, TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, AND WILDLIFE MONITORING Atmospheric Monitoring Introduction Earth's Atmosphere Vertical Structure Atmosphere-Near-Surface Air Quality Particulate Matter Stations Optical Devices Measurement Methods Using Samples in Closed Path Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Chemiluminscent Analyzer Fluorescence Nondispersive Infrared Measurement Methods Using Open Path Total Column Measurements Atmosphere-Weather Example: Measuring UV and TC Ozone Concentration by OAS and DOAS Hydrology, Hydrodynamics, Water Quality, and Aquatic Ecosystems Introduction Water Water Level and Depth Water Velocity and Flow Water Quality Parameters Water Quality Sensors Productivity and Respiration Light as a Function of Depth Automated Real-Time Biomonitoring Terrestrial Ecosystems Introduction Soil Moisture Sap Flow Productivity Networks Tree Growth: Dendrometers Leaf Area Solar Radiation Infrared Thermometer Wildlife Monitoring Introduction Radio Tags Radio Tags in Water Acoustic Tags in Water Radio Frequency Identification and Passive Integrated Transponder Popup Satellite Archival Tags GPS Trackers Fish Tags Data Storage Tags Camera and Video Proximity Sensors Appendix I: Introduction to R References