A study of audio watermarking method using non-negative matrix factorization
Harumi Murata, Akio Ogihara · 2016
In this paper, we propose an audio watermarking method using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). The amplitude spectrogram of the host signal is decomposed the basis matrix and the activation matrix by NMF. These matrices are non-negative matrices and we use the activation matrix for embedding watermarks. Onset time and offset time are estimated from the coefficients of activation matrix and this interval is defined as note duration. The estimated notes are regarded as root notes and watermark are embedded by operating the activation coefficients of mediant or dominant note corresponding to root note.