Addressing the data-imbalance problem in kernel-based speaker verification via utterance partitioning and speaker comparison
Wei Rao, Man‐Wai Mak · 2011
GMM-SVM has become a promising approach to textindependent speaker verification. However, a problematic issue of this approach is the extremely serious imbalance between the numbers of speaker-class and impostor-class utterances available for training the speaker-dependent SVMs. This data-imbalance problem can be addressed by (1) creating more speaker-class supervectors for SVM training through utterance partitioning with acoustic vector resampling (UP-AVR) and (2) avoiding the SVM training so that speaker scores are formulated as an inner product discriminant function (IPDF) between the target-speaker’s supervector and test supervector. This paper highlights the differences between these two approaches and compares the effect of using different kernels – including the KL divergence kernel, GMM-UBM mean interval (GUMI) kernel and geometric-mean-comparison kernel – on their performance. Experiments on the NIST 2010 Speaker Recognition Evaluation suggest that GMM-SVM with UP-AVR is superior to speaker comparison and that the GUMI kernel is slightly better than the KL kernel in speaker comparison. Index Terms: speaker verification, GMM-SVM, speaker comparison, NIST SRE, utterance partitioning, data imbalance.