Study on Image Distortions and Bit-rate Changes Induced by Watermark based-on $4{\times}4$ DCT of H.264/AVC
Sungmin Kim, Chee Sun Won · Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea · 2005
There are some problems in directly applying the conventional MPEG bit-stream based watermarking schemes to the bit-stream of a new compression standard, H.264/AVC. In this paper we analyze the effects of the conventional DCT-based watermarking scheme to H.264/AVC, especially in terms of image distortions and bit-rate changes. It turns out that the intra-frame prediction md CAVLC of H.264/AVC with the watermarking worsen the image distortions and bit-rate changes. The experiment results show on average 28.17dB decrease in PSNR and 56.71% increase in bit-rate over all QPs.