Models for Quarks and Elementary Particles — Part I: What is a Quark?
Ulrich Neumann · Progress in physics · 2008
A quark is not a tiny sphere. The formal model idea is based on a vector group which is constructed like an outer vector product. The vectors perform dynamic movements. Two vectors (vector pair) which rotate in opposite directions in a plane have an increasing and diminishing result vector as consequence. At the same time the vector group rotates about the bisectrix of the vector pair. The two movements matched to each other result in that the tip of the resultant vector draws so-called geometrical locus loops in a plane. The u- and the d-quarks have characteristic loops. Each vector group has its own orthogonal, hyperbolic space. By joining three such spaces each, two groups of spaces, one group with a quasi-Euclidian and one group with a complex space are obtained. Based on the u- and d-quarks characterized with their movements and spaces a first elementary particle order is compiled. The models are presented in a comprehensive work and comprise a large number of aspects. Not all of these can be reflected in the present publication. For this reason, only the prominent aspects are presented in four short Parts I to IV. It is clear that the answer to the question of the heading cannot originate from experiments. A quark is a part of the confinements, of the interior of the elementary particles, which are not accessible for experiments. For this reason the answer in the present case is based on a model, (lexically draft, hypothetical presentation to illustrate certain statements; hypothesis initially unconfirmed assumption of legitimacy with the objective of making them a guaranteed part of our knowledge through confirmation later on) which on the one hand is based on secured, e.g. QED, physical theories (lexically scientific presentation, system of scientific principles). The answer is not based on one or several axioms (lexically = immediately obvious tenet which in itself cannot be justified). The model or the models were developed during a journey of thinking taking decades from the galaxies to the quarks, to the elementary particles, back to the stars and again to the confinement, the universe as a puzzle. 2 The vector principle The photon contains electric and magnetic fields and is described with appropriate vectors. This formal description possibility is utilised. Why does the photon have the electric and magnetic vectors positioned vertically to the direction of flight and vertically with regard to each other, the understanding of this will be developed during the course of the model There is a homepage under the Internet address www.universum-un.de where a book with the title “Models for Quarks and Elementary Particles” will be displayed, having a volume of approximately 250 DIN A4 pages. development. For this reason it is obvious that a long distance over highly formal stretches was covered which is not re-enacted here in detail. It is highly productive to start from the idea of the outer vector product known from mathematics: two vectors of identical size start in a coordinate origin and open up a plane. The resultant vector (EV) stands vertically on this plane and likewise starts in the coordinate origin. In the next step the three vectors of the outer vector product are given a dynamic characteristic. Two movements are introduced: Firstly, the two identically sized vectors perform a movement in opposite directions. Since the angle between the two vectors V1 and V2 is called 2 , this is described as -rotation or -swivelling; see Fig. 1.