First-Order Design of GPS Networks Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Vineet Singh, R. S. Dwivedi, Onkar Dikshit, Ajai Kumar Singh · Journal of Surveying Engineering · 2016
This paper discusses the optimization problem of first-order design (FOD) of global positioning system (GPS) networks. The classical least-squares technique was revised for the formulation of the objective function of FOD of geodetic networks. Furthermore, the efficacy of particle swarm optimization (PSO), an iterative heuristic global optimization technique influenced by group behavior of a social animal, was examined for solving the optimization problem of FOD of three example geodetic networks. It was observed that PSO efficiently provides an optimal solution with a high convergence rate.