The duality of a single particle with an n -dimensional internal degree of freedom
Aiai Jia, Jie‐Hui Huang, Wei Feng, Tiancai Zhang, Shi‐Yao Zhu · Chinese Physics B · 2014
The wave—particle duality of a single particle with an n-dimensional internal degree of freedom is re-examined theoretically in a Mach—Zehnder interferometer. The famous duality relation D 2 + V 2 ≤ 1 is always valid in this situation, where D is the distinguishability and V is the visibility. However, the sum of the particle information and the wave information, can be smaller than one for the input of a pure state if this initial pure state includes the internal degree of freedom of the particle, while the quantity D 2 + V 2 is always equal to one when the internal degree of freedom of the particle is excluded.