External Characteristics of Computer Operations: Toward Large Conversational Time-Sharing Systems
Hans Rüdiger Wiehle · IEEE Annals of the History of Computing · 2009
In an historical overview of computer operations in scientific-technical environments from the second half of the 1950s to the mid-1960s, this article discusses the ways German universities and similar institutions initially used small computers. It reports on the emergence of high-level programming languages, the appearance and predominance of large batch-processing systems, and the arising efforts to reestablish a conversational mode of operations.