Differential energy modulation: Novel video labeling scheme for content fidelity and easy rate control
Lihong Ma, Xiaoyan Liu, Hanqing Lu · 2007
This paper proposes the differential energy modulation(DEM) algorithm for video watermarking. The DEM algorithm embeds watermark bits by applying Quantization Index Modulation(QIM) to differential energy(DE). The energy difference between horizontal and vertical components in a quantized DCT block is modified by dithering values to make the DE consistent with a watermark bit quantizer. The suggested DEM algorithm is superior to QIM in robustness, since it chooses a region energy to carry a label bit, and spreads embedding distortion over values. On contrast, QIM labels with a coefficient instead. DEM also improves Differential Energy Watermarking(DEW)’s low capacity while preserves image quality, because DEW had to employ many blocks to carry a bit to avoid artifacts and guarantee valid energies. Experiments demonstrate this conclusion. Besides, DEM is a high perceptual and easy rate control scheme. It is robust to attacks of frame dropping, image cropping and additive white Gaussian noise.