A protocol to provide verifiable proof of identity and unforgeable transaction receipts
Gustavus J. Simmons · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · 1989
An identity verification scheme that uses a public authentication channel to validate a private authentication channel belonging to the individual who wishes to prove his identity is described. The user can prove his identity by demonstrating that he can authenticate (suitably chosen) messages in the private channel. It also provides certified receipts for transactions whose legitimacy can later be verified by impartial arbiters who do not need to be designated in advance or be involved in the transaction at the time it takes place.>