Static analysis of energy consumption for LLVM IR programs
Neville Grech, Kyriakos Georgiou, James Pallister, Steve Kerrison, Jeremy Morse, Kerstin Eder · 2015
Energy models can be constructed by characterizing the energy consumed when executing each instruction in a processor's instruction set. This can be used to determine how much energy is required to execute a sequence of assembly instructions, without the need to instrument or measure hardware.