Temporal Feature Modulation for Video Watermarking
Young-Yoon Lee, Sang-Uk Park, Chang‐Su Kim, Sang‐Uk Lee · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · 2009
We propose two temporal feature modulation algorithms that extract a feature from each video frame and modulate the features for a series of frames to embed a watermark codeword. In the first algorithm, the existence of a frame is used as the frame feature, and a watermark codeword is embedded into the original video by skipping selected frames. In the second algorithm, the centers of gravity of blocks in a frame are used as the frame feature. By modifying the centers of gravity, we embed 1-bit information into the frame. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are robust against compression and temporal attacks.