Sequence-discriminative training of deep neural networks
Karel Veselý, Arnab Kumar Ghoshal, Lukáš Burget, Daniel Povey · 2013
Sequence-discriminative training of deep neural networks (DNNs) is investigated on a 300 hour American English conversational telephone speech task. Different sequence-discriminative criteria ndash;- maximum mutual information (MMI), minimum phone error (MPE), state-level minimum Bayes risk (sMBR), and boosted MMI ndash;- are compared. Two different heuristics are investigated to improve the performance of the DNNs trained using sequence-based criteria ndash;- lattices are re-generated after the first iteration of training; and, for MMI and BMMI, the frames where the numerator and denominator hypotheses are disjoint are removed from the gradient computation. Starting from a competitive DNN baseline trained using cross-entropy, different sequence-discriminative criteria are shown to lower word error rates by 8-9% relative, on average. Little difference is noticed between the different sequence-based criteria that are investigated. The experiments are done using the open-source Kaldi toolkit, which makes it possible for the wider community to reproduce these results.