Generalization and Analysis of the Paper Folding Method for Steganography
Weiming Zhang, Jiufen Liu, Xin Wang, Nenghai Yu · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · 2010
Wet paper codes (WPCs) are designed for steganography, in which the sender and recipient do not need to share the changeable positions. In this paper, we propose theN-page construction for wet paper coding, which can generate a family of WPCs following the upper bound on embedding efficiency from one single WPC. The Paper Folding method, one of our previous methods, is a special case of theN-page construction withN=2k. We deduce recursions for calculating embedding efficiency ofN-page construction, and obtain explicit expression on embedding efficiency of 2k-page construction. Furthermore, we derive the limit of distance between the embedding efficiency of 2k-page construction and the upper bound of embedding efficiency asktends to infinity. Based on the limit, we analyze how the embedding efficiency is influenced by the proportion of wet pixels (wet ratio) in the cover, showing that embedding efficiency only drops about 0.32 as the wet ratio increases to 0.9999.