Anisotropic human performance in six degree-of-freedom tracking: an evaluation of three-dimensional display and control interfaces
Shumin Zhai, Paul Milgram, Anu Rastogi · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics - Part A Systems and Humans · 1997
Motivated by the need for human performance evaluations of advanced interface technologies, this paper presents an empirical evaluation of a 3D interface, from the point of view of both display and control, in a pursuit tracking experiment. The paper derives methods for decomposing tracking performance into six dimensions (three in translation and three in rotation). This dimensional decomposition approach has the advantage of revealing overall performance levels in the depth dimension relative to performance in the horizontal and vertical dimensions. With interposition, linear perspective, stereoscopic disparity and partial occlusion cues incorporated into a single 3D display system, subjects' tracking errors in the depth dimension were about 35% (with no practice) to 35% (with practice) larger than those in the horizontal and vertical dimensions. It was also found that subjects initially had larger tracking errors along the vertical axis than along the horizontal axis, likely due to their attention allocation strategy. Analysis of rotation errors generated a similar anisotropic pattern.