Representing voiced speech using prototype waveform interpolation for low-rate speech coding
Michael Leong · eScholarship@McGill (McGill) · 1992
In recent years, research in narrow-band digital speech coding has achieved good quality speech coders at low rates of 4.8 to 8.0 kb/s. This thesis examines the method proposed by W. B. Kleijn called prototype waveform interpolation (PWI) for coding the voiced sections of speech efficiently to achieve a coder below 4.8 kb/s while maintaining, even improving, the perceptual quality of current coders. In examining the PWI method, it was found that although the method generally works very well there are occasional sections of the reconstructed voiced speech where audible distortion can be heard, even when the prototypes are not quantized. The research undertaken in this thesis focuses on the fundamental principles behind modelling voiced speech using PWI instead of focusing on bit allocation for encoding the prototypes. Problems in the PWI method are found that may be have been overlooked as encoding error if full encoding were implemented. Kleijn uses PWI to represent voiced sections of the excitation signal which is the residual obtained after the removal of short-term redundancies by a linear predictive filter. The problem with this method is that when the PWI reconstructed excitation is passed through the inverse filter to synthesize the speech undesired effects occur due to the time-varying nature of the filter. The reconstructed speech may have undesired envelope variations which result in audible warble. This thesis proposes an energy fixup to smoothen the synthesized speech envelope when the interpolation procedure fails to provide the smooth linear result that is desired. Further investigation, however, leads to the final proposal in this thesis that PWI should he performed on the clean speech signal instead of the excitation to achieve consistently reliable results for all voiced frames.