kaPoW Webmail: Effective Disincentives Against Spam
Wu-chang Feng, Ed Kaiser · 2010
Webmail spam poses a significant threat to major webmail providers such as Google GMail, Yahoo! Mail, and Microsoft Live Mail, as well as to individual companies and universities that provide web-based interfaces to their email. Whether spammers create new accounts or hijack existing accounts to send spam, the transmission of spam drives up server operating costs as well as the human costs required to identify and disable spamming accounts. This paper presents kaPoW Webmail, a system for slowing down and disincentivizing webmail spammers using transparent, web-based proof-of-work (also known as client puzzles). The approach requires that clients must solve a computational puzzle for each email sent. The system employs a novel puzzle algorithm that efficiently generates and verifies fine-grained computational puzzles that have deterministic solution-times. Unlike prior proofof-work systems, kaPoW Webmail also adaptively issues puzzles of varying difficulties based on a comprehensive set of client-specific and content-specific measurements. The evaluation shows that this system thwarts spammers while preserving service to legitimate webmail clients.