The specification of edge penalties for regular and irregular pixel images
Bernard W. Silverman, Christopher Jennison, Julian Stander, Timothy C. Brown · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · 1990
It is shown how some geometrical insights can be used to provide penalties for the various edge configurations in a way that is roughly independent of the pixel discretization. The penalties are consistent over pixels of different sizes, shapes, and orientations, event if these occur in the same pattern. The cases of square, rectangular, hexagonal, and irregular pixels are considered. In an experiment, the penalties perform substantially better than those previously proposed.>