Efficient Power Aware and Reputation-Based Routing Protocol for MANET
S. Sankara Gomathi, Richard Chbeir, Shriram Krishnamurthi · Journal of Digital Information Management · 2008
Energy conservation is a critical issue in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) for node and network life, as the nodes are powered by batteries only. In order to maximize the lifetime of MANETs, traffic should be sent through a shortest path that does not contain nodes with low residual energy and consumes minimum total transmission power. The above objectives cannot be satisfied simultaneously by applying the existing power aware routing algorithms. For this reason, several power-aware routing approaches have been proposed in the literature attempting to maximize the network lifetime. An interesting approach called Minimum Drain Rate (MDR) aims to predict the lifetime of nodes according to the current traffic conditions. However, it does not guarantee that the total transmission power is minimized over a chosen route. In this paper, we provide an new approach called Secure Extended Optimal Energy Drain Rate (SEOEDR) able to extend the MANET lifetime and duration of the path, and also to minimize the total transmission power consumed per packet. In our approach, the traffic is routed such that the energy consumption is balanced among the nodes in proportion to their energy reserves. We also handle the selfishness of nodes by considering the node reputation while making the routing decisions. It results in selection of routes that are simultaneously energy efficient and reliable. The simulation results that we have conducted during our study show the relevance of our algorithm, in terms of energy saving and overall network lifetime, in comparison with existing ones. for MANETs, and consequently the design of routing protocols for such networks is a challenging issue taking in particular power factor into consideration, because these devices are battery dependent. The purpose of power-aware routing protocols (10) is to maximize the network lifetime. The network lifetime is defined as the time until the first node in the network runs out of energy (i.e. it is the period from the time instant when the network starts functioning to the time instant when the first node runs out of energy). One of the major concerns in ad hoc wireless networks is reducing the node energy consumption. In fact, nodes are usually powered by batteries of limited capacity. Once the nodes are deployed, it is very difficult or even impossible to recharge or replace their batteries in many application scenarios. Hence, reducing power consumption is often the only way to extend the network lifetime. The objective is to maximize the network lifetime while guaranteeing the required traffic rate. The power-aware routing protocols should consider energy consumption from the viewpoints of both the network and the node levels. From the network viewpoint, the best route is one that minimizes the total transmission power, while from the node viewpoint, the best route should avoid the nodes with lower power (1). It is difficult to achieve these two objectives simultaneously. Minimizing the total energy consumption tends to favor min-hop routes (i.e. route to destination with minimum number of hops). However, if the min- hop routes repeatedly include the same node, this later will exhaust its energy much earlier than the other nodes and the network lifetime will decrease (2, 3). In (4), the authors proposed a new link cost for reliable transmission that includes the energy consumption for data packets as well as that for signaling packets in MAC layer. Once a new link cost was derived, then the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) (7,11, 15) can be modified with the new link cost. However, there are some drawbacks with such straightforward modification. First, the routing overhead for the route discovery is very high, which consumes a lot of energy. Second, the route setup time is very long. Third, the route maintenance scheme is not suitable for dynamic environments, such as in mobile scenarios. To address the above issue, another approach is proposed in (5) providing a progressive energy efficient routing protocol. Contrary to other energy efficient routing protocols, it attempts to find the optimal path at one shot and to maintain the route reactively. However, it targets at energy saving only with reduced overhead and does not concentrate on maximizing the network lifetime as it is needed to balance the remaining battery power at each node according to current traffic conditions.