A physical model of facial tissue and muscle articulation
K. Waters, Demetri Terzopoulos · 2002
A physically-based facial tissue model of the epidermis, subcutaneous fatty tissue, and skeletal facial foundation is presented. The tissue model is represented by a lattice of nonlinear spring units with varying viscoelastic properties. Muscle force vectors are constructed from fibres that are rigidly attached to the bone at one end and blended into the dermis layer at the other. A numerical integration technique is used to calculate the dynamic displacement of nodes in the lattice under the influence of internal muscular contractions. An expressive 3-D face, generated on a high-performance graphic workstation, demonstrates the facial tissue and muscle articulation model.>