PIE: a dynamic failure-based technique
Jeffrey Voas · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · 1992
A dynamic technique called PIE (propagation, infection, and execution) is presented for statistically estimating three program characteristics that affect a program's computational behavior: (1) the probability that a particular section of a program is executed, (2) the probability that the particular section affects the data state, and (3) the probability that a data state produced by that section has an effect on program output. These three characteristics can be used to predict whether faults are likely to be uncovered by software testing.>