Optimizing the performance of streaming numerical kernels on the IBM Blue Gene/P PowerPC 450 processor
Tareq Malas, Aron J. Ahmadia, Jed Brown, John A. Gunnels, David Elliot Keyes · The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications · 2012
Several emerging petascale architectures use energy-efficient processors with vectorized computational units and in-order thread processing. On these architectures the sustained performance of streaming numerical kernels, ubiquitous in the solution of partial differential equations, represents a challenge despite the regularity of memory access. Sophisticated optimization techniques are required to fully utilize the CPU. We propose a new method for constructing streaming numerical kernels using a high-level assembly synthesis and optimization framework. We describe an implementation of this method in Python targeting the IBM ® Blue Gene ® /P supercomputer’s PowerPC ® 450 core. This paper details the high-level design, construction, simulation, verification, and analysis of these kernels utilizing a subset of the CPU’s instruction set. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by implementing several three-dimensional stencil kernels over a variety of cached memory scenarios and analyzing the mechanically scheduled variants, including a 27-point stencil achieving a 1.7 × speedup over the best previously published results.