Digital watermarking using two-dimensional FM waveforms
Yimin Daniel Zhang, Behzad Mohammadi Dogahe, Bijan G. Mobasseri, Moeness G. Amin · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · 2004
In this paper, we propose two-dimensional (2-D) frequency modulated (FM) signals for digital watermarking. The hidden information is embedded into an image using the binary phase information of a 2-D FM prototype. The original image is properly partitioned into several blocks. In each block, a 2-D FM watermark waveform is used and the watermark information is embedded using the binary phase. The parameters of the FM watermark are selected in order to achieve low bit error rate (BER) detection of the watermark. Detailed study of performance analysis and parameter optimizations is performed for 2-D chirp signals as an example of 2-D FM waveforms. Experimental results compare the proposed methods and support their effectiveness.