Optimal copying of one quantum bit
Chi-Sheng Niu, Robert B. Griffiths · Physical Review A · 1998
A quantum copying machine producing two (in general nonidentical) copies of an arbitrary input state of a two-dimensional Hilbert space (quantum bit) is studied using a quality measure based on distinguishability of states, rather than fidelity. The problem of producing optimal copies is investigated with the help of a Bloch sphere representation, and shown to have a well-defined solution, including cases in which the two copies have an unequal quality, or the quality depends upon the input state (is ``anisotropic'' in Bloch sphere language), or both. A simple quantum circuit yields the optimal copying machine. With a suitable choice of parameters it becomes an optimal eavesdropping machine for some versions of quantum cryptography, or reproduces the Bu\ifmmode \check{z}\else \v{z}\fi{}ek and Hillery result for isotropic copies.