Methods for identification of images acquired with digital cameras
Zeno Geradts, Jurrien Bijhold, M. van de Kieft, Kenji Kurosawa, Kenro Kuroki, Naoki Saitoh · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · 2001
From the court we were asked whether it is possible to determine if an image has been made with a specific digital camera. This question has to be answered in child pornography cases, where evidence is needed that a certain picture has been made with a specific camera. We have looked into different methods of examining the cameras to determine if a specific image has been made with a camera: defects in CCDs, file formats that are used, noise introduced by the pixel arrays and watermarking in images used by the camera manufacturer.