The Problem of the Morning Star and the Evening Star
Frederic Brenton Fitch · Philosophy of Science · 1949
An argument opposing the unrestricted use of quantification in modal logic has been put forward by Quine. Central to this argument are the two phrases, (1) The Morning Star, (2) The Evening Star. One form of the argument is obtained by considering the following two statements: (3) It is necessary that the Morning Star is identical with the Morning Star. (4) It is not necessary that the Evening Star is identical with the Morning Star.