A Hybrid Watermarking Scheme for Video Authentication
Hongmei Liu, Ling Feng Zhu, Jiwu Huang · 2006
In this paper, we present a hybrid watermarking scheme for video authentication based on wavelet domain. It embeds one robust watermark for temporal authentication distinguishing different inter-attacks, such as frame loss, inserting and reordering. Other two watermarks are used for intra authentication, one for discriminating the malicious attacks from acceptable manipulations, and the other for locating malicious attacks. The latter two watermarks are content-based. Zernike moments magnitudes (ZMMs) of the lowpass wavelet band of the host video frames are chosen as features. Experimental results show that ZMMs are robust to MPEG-2 compression and slight noise, while fragile to content change. This semi-fragile property is used to tell malicious attacks from non-malicious attacks. We also use structure of the embedded ZMMs to locate the tampered area. Experimental results show that this scheme can authenticate the video effectively.