The physical meaning of phase and its importance for quantum teleportation
S. J. van Enk · Journal of Modern Optics · 2001
We argue that the two parties in any quantum teleportation protocol need to share more resources than just an entangled state and a classical communication channel. As the phase between orthogonal states has no physical meaning by itself, a shared standard defining all relevant phases is necessary. We discuss several physical implementations of qubits and the corresponding physical meaning of phase.