Zeroless arithmetic: representing integers ONLY using ONE
Edinah K. Gnang, Doron Zeilberger · The Journal of Difference Equations and Applications · 2013
We use recurrence equations (alias difference equations) to enumerate the number of formula representations of positive integers using only addition and multiplication, and using addition, multiplication and exponentiation, where all the inputs are ones. We also describe efficient algorithms for the random generation of such representations, and use dynamical programming to find a shortest possible formula representing any given positive integer.