An improved discrete model for quantization errors in digital filters
John Thompson · IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics · 1973
Exact expressions are given for the mean and variance of errors that result when rounding and truncation is performed on both sign-magnitude (SM) and two's complement (TC) finite accuracy number representations. The results are significantly different from those of the often-used continuous model in the important case of one- or two-bit quantization.