Genetic-algorithm energy minimization for point charges on a sphere
James Robert Morris, D. M. Deaven, Kai‐Ming Ho · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · 1996
We demonstrate that a recently developed approach for optimizing atomic structures is very effective for attacking the Thomson problem of finding the lowest-energy configuration of $N$ point charges on a unit sphere. Our approach uses a genetic algorithm, combined with a "cut and paste" scheme of mating, that efficiently explores the different low-energy structures. Not only have we reproduced the known results for $10<~N<~132$, this approach has allowed us to extend the calculation for all $N<~200$. This has allowed us to identify series of "magic" numbers, where the lowest-energy structures are particularly stable. Most of these structures are icosahedral, but we also find low-energy structures that deviate from icosahedral symmetry.