US Government Computer Penetration Programs and the Implications for Cyberwar
Edward Hunt · IEEE Annals of the History of Computing · 2011
The US Department of Defense was the driving force behind the development of sophisticated computer penetration methodologies. By analyzing the security of the nation's time-sharing computer systems, security analysts developed an expert understanding of computer penetration. Eventually, the US and its intelligence agencies utilized computer penetration techniques to wage offensive cyberattacks.