Least-Squares Formula for Zero Error (Z0) of Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Instruments
Alireza Amiri-Simkooei · Journal of Surveying Engineering · 2003
The zero error of electromagnetic distance measuring instruments is a near-constant systematic error, which has the same effect on the measured distances. This paper presents a least-squares formula for this correction based on the division of a baseline into m subbaselines, and measuring all possible distances between the marked points. The validity of the formulation is verified by two examples.