Service Implications of Managing Infrastructure Distribution Systems in Crises
Rae Zimmerman · 2003
Users of infrastructure are heavily dependent upon distribution systems to deliver vital services for electricity, communication, transportation, water supply and waste management. When these fail in the course of a crisis created by a natural hazard, accident, or terrorist act, the crisis becomes magnified. In fact, infrastructure crises often magnify the consequences of the initial events that precipitated them. This paper identifies some of the factors that are contributing to the vulnerability of infrastructure distribution systems during extreme events and ways that can reduce vulnerability, including a discussion of the pros and cons of locating distribution lines underground. The perspective of the users of the services that infrastructure provides is emphasized. Particular reference is made to the impacts of the September 11th 2001 attacks at the World Trade Center (WTC) and the subsequent rebuilding efforts.