Acoustical Vibrations of Rings
Elmer R. Kaiser · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · 1953
The frequencies of tones when metal rings are struck in radial and axial directions have been investigated in a variety of steel and bell-metal rings. The classical formulas relating frequency with ring dimensions and physical properties of the materials compare closely with actual measurements except for thick rings. The fundamental tone is predominant in the smaller rings but the fundamental fades and the overtones predominate as the rings increase in diameter and decrease in width and thickness. Comments are given on musical properties of rings which may be promising but which have not been fully explored.