Addressing Hate Speech and Hate Behaviors in Codes of Conduct: A Model for Public Institutions
Jan Alan Neiger, Carolyn Palmer, Sophie W. Penney, Donald D. Gehring · NASPA Journal · 1998
As part of a larger study, the researchers collected campus codes prohibiting hate crimes, which were then reviewed by one of the authors, an attorney with extensive experience in First Amendment case law, to determine whether the codes presented constitutional problems. Based on this review, the authors developed a model policy that is content neutral and does not use language that could be viewed as unconstitutionally vague or broad. This model can provide institutions with guidelines for drafting constitutionally sound codes.