Tensors: A guide for undergraduate students
Franco Battaglia, Thomas F. George · American Journal of Physics · 2013
A guide on tensors is proposed for undergraduate students in physics or engineering that ties directly to vector calculus in orthonormal coordinate systems. We show that once orthonormality is relaxed, a dual basis, together with the contravariant and covariant components, naturally emerges. Manipulating these components requires some skill that can be acquired more easily and quickly once a new notation is adopted. This notation distinguishes multi-component quantities in different coordinate systems by a differentiating sign on the index labelling the component rather than on the label of the quantity itself. This tiny stratagem, together with simple rules openly stated at the beginning of this guide, allows an almost automatic, easy-to-pursue procedure for what is otherwise a cumbersome algebra. By the end of the paper, the reader will be skillful enough to tackle many applications involving tensors of any rank in any coordinate system, without index-manipulation obstacles standing in the way.