Optimum bearing resolution for a moving towed array and extension of its physical aperture
Stergios Stergiopoulos · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · 1990
This paper examines the limits of the angular resolution capability of a moving towed array (MTA) by finding the Cramer–Rao lower bounds (CRLB) and provides algorithms that extend the physical aperture of an MTA. The model that is considered for the CRLB estimates assumes that an N-hydrophone towed array is moving at a known constant speed and that in the received signal unknowns are all the parameters for two sources. The estimated CRLBs for this model indicated that an N-hydrophone MTA provides very high angular resolution when the duration T of the received signal is very long. This ability of the moving array to resolve two closely spaced sources is related to the fact that the physical aperture has been extended by the distance traveled by the array during the T seconds of the observation period. Computer-simulation examples using a maximum-likelihood estimator and an extended towed array algorithm to find the bearing of sources are presented. The results of these simulations agree with the CRLB if the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is higher than 0 dB at the hydrophone level, which suggests that both of the above techniques are efficient estimators. Real-data applications using the extended towed-array algorithm were successful, and the physical aperture of a 32-hydrophone MTA was extended to an equivalent of a 512-hydrophone fully populated array during 185 s of observation period. These results have also indicated that the performance of the above algorithm is very robust, since it extends the physical aperture of an array by more than one order of magnitude for the case of a very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) broadband signal and for a pure tone, even though the source had a speed of 3.6 kn along its bearing.