Co-occurrence analysis of speech waveforms
Demetri Terzopoulos · IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · 1985
The co-occurrence matrix, a two-dimensional histogram of pairs of sample amplitudes, is explored as a representation of the digital speech waveform. Co-occurrence matrix representations support a hypothesis-testing approach to digital speech analysis. This approach is pursued in the formulation of a quantitative (chi-square) measure of sample amplitude dependence, based on co-occurrence matrices. This measure, which is higly sensitive to quasi-periodicity, is shown to lead to a good estimator of the pitch period of voiced speech. Co-occurrence matrix representations are employed in conjunction with pattern classification methods in experiments involving the voiced-unvoiced-silence analysis of speech, and in an experimental pitch extraction algorithm which is tested on continuous speech.